Faktor Lingkungan Mempengaruhi Organisme

Determining Environmental Factors Affecting Performance Organisms

Natural resources (commonly abbreviated SDA) is everything that comes from nature that can be used to meet the needs of human life. Belonging in which not only biotic components, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, but also abiotic components, such as oil, natural gas, various types of metal, water, and soil. Every organism must be able to adapt to meet the conditions of abiotic environmental factors. Animals may not live in the range of abiotic factors broadest indicator because each animal has a certain tolerance range for all all environmental factors in accordance with the Law of Tolerance Shelford.

"Every organism has a minimum and maximum ecological, which is the lower limit and the upper limit of the range of tolerance of the organism to the conditions of environmental factors"

If the organisms are exposed to a condition of environmental factors approaching the limit of the range tolrensinya, then these organisms will experience stress (stress) , Physiological. Organisms are in critical condition. For example, animals that were exposed to the extreme low temperatures will demonstrate critical condition Hypothermiaekstirmand at high temperature will lead to symptoms ofhyperthermia.If the environmental conditions such temperature does not soon change, then the animal will die.

In determining the limits of the tolerance range of an animal is not easy. Every organism exposed simultaneously on a number of environmental factors, by the existence of an interaction of factors that an environmental factor can alter the effects of other environmental factors. For example, an individual animal will spoil the effect of high temperatures more kerasapabila air humidity is relatively low. Thus the animals will be more resistant to high temperatures when compared with the dry air in humid air conditions.

In the laboratory is also very difficult to determine the limits of the tolerance range of animals against something environmental factors. The cause is difficult to pinpoint exactly when the animal is going to die. The usual way is to take into account their individual variation limits of the tolerance range is determined based on the occurrence of death in 50% of the number of individuals after dideadahkan a condition of environmental factors during a certain time span.

The range of tolerance to a particular environmental factor in a variety of different types of animals. There is a wide range of animals (euri) and no animals were cramped (shorthand). Hereditary determined tolerance range, however, can be changed by the process of acclimatization (in nature) or acclimation (in the lab).

Acclimatizationis the human effort to adjust to the conditions of animals environmental factors in the new artificial habitat.Acclimationis a human effort to adapt animals to the condition of a particular environmental factor in the laboratory.

The concept of tolerance range, the limiting factor and preferendum applied in the fields of agriculture, animal husbandry, health, conservation and others. This is done with the hope of animal biology of performance, growth and reproduction to the maximum and to condition the animals adverse environmental conditions is usually made to the contrary.

Each animal has a varied range of tolerance, the presence in a habitat is determined by the condition of the environmental factors in place. The presence and performance of the animal population somewhere describing the condition of the environmental factors in place. Therefore, there is a term ecological indicator species, both animal and ecological study of plant ecology. Indikatoe ecological species is a species whose presence or abundance of organisms can give hints on how the condition factors of physico - chemical somewhere.

Some species of animals as an indicator spcies includespecies Capitellacapitata(Polychaeta) as an indicator of contamination of organic material.wormsTubifex(Olygochaeta) and others. Indicator species criteria are as follows.

1. Narrow tolerance ranges for one or more environmental factors.
2. The body size is large enough so it can be easily detected.
3. High abundance so readily available and easily used as a sample.
4. Easily identifiable.
5. Distribusnya cosmopolitan.
6. Easily accumulate pollutants.
7. Easily maintained in the laboratory.
8. Having a genetic and species diversity or narrow niches.

Habitats in nature generally are heterogeneous, with certain areas within the different habitat vegetation. Populations of animals that inhabit the habitat will be concentrated in places with the most favorable conditions for the fulfillment of the requirements of their life. Part of the habitat which is most suitable environmental conditions are most familiar and dealing with animal calledmicrohabitat. In connection with how the ranges of tolerance to various environmental factors, then berbagaispesies animals that concentrate in the same habitat (= berkohabitasi) will occupy mikrohabitatnya respectively.

Between makrohabitat and microhabitat should be determined for each of the studies relating to specific species. In general, referring to the characteristic makrohabitat with such a wide scale zones of vegetation association (Block and Brennan, 1993) which is usually equated with the first level of habitat selection by Johnson. Microhabitat usually indicate a suitable habitat conditions, which is an important factor in the 2-4 level in the hierarchy Johnson. Therefore it is appropriate to use the term microhabitat and makrohabitat in a relative view, and the scale of the given application explicitly. Example makrohabitat and microhabitat: Organisms crusher (spoilage) leaves only live in environments cells of the top layer leaf photosynthesis, whereas other species of living organisms destroyer in the cells of the lower leaves on the same leaves until they are free living are not mutually interfere. Environment cells in a leaf above is called microhabitat while the whole leaf in the macro environment is called makrohabitat.

Habitat within certain limits in accordance with the requirements of living creatures that inhabit it. The lower limit of the requirements of life is called the minimum point and the upper limit is called the maximum point. Between the two there is an optimum point range. The third point is the point of minimum, maximum and optimum point point called the cardinal points. If the nature of the habitat change until beyond the minimum or maximum point, the creature will die or have to move to another place. For example, in case of persistent currents in coastal mangrove habitat, mangroves can be assured they will not survive. If the changes are slow, for example, occurs over several generations, living beings are generally able to adjust to the new conditions beyond the limits of the adaptation process semula.Melalui actually produce beings who have another property called new varieties or new races can even form new species.

The boundary between microhabitat with each other is often not apparent or obvious. However microhabitat plays an important role in determining the diversity of species occupying the habitat. Each species will concentrate on microhabitat most suitable for him. For example, in a flowing freshwater habitats (rivers) can generally be divided into sections cascade and depths. Basically a fast-flowing rapids and rocky depths were barely fast-flowing, relatively deep and the bottom of a mud and litter. There are some populations of aquatic animals that prefer to live or bermikrohabitat in cascade and there are some populations that prefer to live or bermikrohabitat at the bottom. Selection on the basis of the main microhabitat can be sorted out again more like the surface of the stone, in a cell in a rock, under a layer of litter and so on. Selection on the basis of different microhabitat microhabitat-was associated with the differences in functional status or ecological niches of various animal species manempati the aquatic habitats.

The concept of niche (niche) developed by Charles Elton (1927) British scientists, with the understanding the niche is "the functional status of an organism in a particular community". In the study of an organism, we must know the activities, in particular regarding the source of nutrients and energy, speed metabolism and growth, the effect on other organisms when side by side or in contact, and the extent to which we investigate organisms that affect or be able to change various processes in the ecosystem.

Niches according Resosoedarmo (1992) is a profession (status of an organism) in a specific communities and ecosystems that are the result of structural adaptation, functional as well as the specific behavior of the organism. Based on the above description of ecological niches is a more inclusive term that includes not only the physical space inhabited by a creature, but also a functional role in the community as well as the position of the creature in different environmental conditions.

Ecological niche is an abstract concept for the overall requirements of life and the interaction of organisms in their habitat. In this case the habitat is a provider of various koondisi and resources that can be used by the organism in accordance with the requirements of his life. Is a complex concept that is related to the concept of population and community. Total ecological niche is the role of all living things in the community. Penendalian population depends on where living things to function in their habitat, how to live, or the ecological role of these living creatures. So basically living beings will naturally choose habitats and niches ecological needs, in the sense of living, grow and perform the functions of ecological habitats in accordance with the environmental conditions (eg climate), nutrients, and the interactions between living beings.

Niche (niche) ecology includes the physical space occupied by the organism, its functional role in society (eg, trophic position) as well as its position in the environmental conditions of residence and other circumstances of existence it. The third aspect of the ecological niche that can be described as niche or space habitat, trophic niches and recesses multidimensional or hypervolume. Therefore the ecological niche an organism does not only depend on where he lives, but also what he did (how he changed the energy, act or behave, respond to and change the physical environment as well as abiotiknya), and how other types become an obstacle for him. Hutchinson (1957) have distinguished between fundamental niche (fundamental niche) with a real niche (relized niche). Niche principal is defined as a group of physical conditions that allow the population still live. While real niche is defined as a group of physical conditions that are occupied by certain organisms simultaneously.

Hutchinson (1957) in Begon et al (1986) have developed a multidimensional concept of ecological niches (dimension-n or hipervolume). Each animal against a tolerance range of environmental factors, such as the temperature of a dimension. In animal life is influenced by not only the environmental factors alone, but bannyak environmental factors simultaneously. Ligkungan factors that affect or limit the life of the organism not only environmental conditions such as temperature, light, humidity, salinity but also the availability of resources needed for the animals (food and a place to make a nest for the animals).

Hutchinson (in Odum, 1993) distinguishes between basic niches (Fundamental Niche) with real niche (Realized Niche). Basic recesses defined as a group of physical conditions that allow the population still live, without the presence of competitors, a real niche is defined as the physical conditions that are occupied by certain organisms simultaneously resulting in competition. Limitations of an organism in a niche depends on the adaptation to the environmental conditions. Basic niches (Fundamental Niche) can not be easily determined due to the competition of a community is a dynamic process and the physical condition of diverse environments affect the life of an organism.

The dimensions of the principal niche specify the conditions that cause the organisms can interact but do not specify the shape, strength or direction of the interaction. Two major factors that determine the shape of interaction within the population are physiological needs of each individual and their relative size. Four main types of interactions among populations already known, namely: competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis.

In order for the interaction between organisms which include competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis should be overlap in the niche. In the case of symbionts, one or all of the participants changed the environment by creating conditions in the critical range of critical ranges of other participants. For competitors, predators and prey must have a match with niche parameters to enable the interaction between organisms, at least during the time of interaction.

According to Odum (1993) there are no two identical adaptation same species between one another, and species that exhibit better adaptation and more aggressive will win the competition. Species that wins the competition will be able to utilize its resources optimally so as to maintain its existence well. Species that are lost in the competition if they do not manage to get another place to provide the resources needed to experience local extinction of

knowledge about the niche of an organism is necessary as a foundation for understanding the functioning of a community and ecosystem in the main habitat. To be able to distinguish the niche an organism, it needs to be known about population density, metabolism collectively, influence of abiotic factors on the organism, the organism influence of one over the other.

Niche there are general and specific. For example, chicken including having a common niche as it can take worms, rice, meat, fish, grass and others. Chicken is polifag, which means eating many types. Eating some types of so-called oligofag, only eat one kind called monofag such as planthoppers, only eat rice.

If there are two or more animals have the same niche in the same habitat, there will be competition. In the fierce competition, each type enhances the efficiency of the way of life, and each one will be more specialist niche is narrowed.

If the niche of a species entirely overlap with other types then one type to be eliminated in accordance with the principles of a competitive exclusion relu ng recesses that overlap so one type of fully occupying the niche of its own and get rid of the second type from the recesses of the base and let it occupy a smaller real niche, or both types it has a limited real niche and each utilizing a smaller range of dimensions niches they can obtain in the absence of any other kind.