Spesies Mutualistik part 1

Key Species Mutualistic Part 1

Cleansers as a key species



          Many species of fish on coral reef clean other fish of ectoparasites. This relationship, which involves the cleaner fish and its clients, has been shown to be a true mutualism. One of the most widely distributed cleaner fish in the indo-pacific region is the cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidatus(see figure 15.21a). the feeding activity of cleaner wrasses is intense. Alexandra Grutter of the university of Queensland, Australis, has shown that a single fishes per day. She also performed expriments(Grutter 1999) that documented that fish on reef without cleaner wrasses harbor approximately four times the number of parasitic isopods as those living on reef with cleaner wrasses.
What effesct might cleaning activity by L. Dimidatus have on the diversity of fish on coral reef? This in question addressed with a series of field experiments by Redounan Bshary of University of cambridge. Bshary studied the effect of cleaner wrasses on reef fish diversity at Ras Mohammed National Park, Egyp(Bshary 2003). The study area consist of a sandy bottom area approximately 400m from shore dotted with reeef patches in water depths from 2 to 6 m. Bshary choose 46 reef patches separated from other patches by at least 5m of sandy bottom. He identified and counted the fish species present during dives on these reef and noted the presence or absence of cleaner wrasses on each reef patch. Bshary recorded 29 natural disappearances or appearances of cleaner wrasses during his study. In addition, he performed experimental removals of cleaner wrasses from reefs and introcuction of these cleaners to reef patches where there were none.
          Bshary followed the responses of the fish community to natural dissapeances and experimental removal and natural colonization and experimental introduction. In doing so, he gained insights into influence of these tiny mutualists on reef fish diversity. Figure 17.18 summarize the responses of fish communities on reef patches 4 months following the natural or experimental addition or removal of cleaner wrasses. Bshary observed a median reduction in fish species richness of approximately 24% where cleaner wrasses dissapeared or were removed. Where cleaner wrasses were added, either naturally or experimentally, he observed a median increase in fish species richness 24%. Bshary’s result indicate that the cleaner wrasse acts as a keystone species on the coral reef of the red sea. Mutualists that act as keystone species have also been found on land.

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